اللغة الانجليزية الجزء الاول الاسماء By Mr. Ahmad Ali

اللغة الانجليزية

لغة بسيطة وشيقة ومن هنا نتعرف عليها (يلا شباب )


اولا : الا سماء في اللغة الانجليزية :


Nouns are commonly thought of as "naming" words, and specifically as the names of "people, places, or things". Nouns such as John, London, and computer certainly fit this description, but the class of nouns is much broader than this. Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts such as birth, happiness, evolution, technology, management, imagination, revenge, politics, hope, *****ry, sport, literacy....

وهى تعريفات للموجودات ونكون في اسماء الاشخاص JONE , Ahmed , sally أو بلدان واماكن Egypt , Oman , Makka أو اشياء Pen , car أو الشهور والايام sunday ,January, February واكثر الاسماء في اللغة تكون تحت القاعدة التالية و هي :


الكلمات التى تنتهى بــ 1. er او or...مثل... actor, painter, plumber, writer
2. ism ... مثل... criticism, egotism, magnetism, vandalism
3. ist ... مثل ... artist, capitalist, journalist, scientist
4. ment ... مثل... arrangement, development, establishment, government
5. tion ... مثل ... foundation, organisation, recognition, supposition

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SINGULAR and PLURAL المفرد والجمع في الاسماء:

جمع ... مفرد
Singular ... Plural
car ... cars
dog ... dogs s
house ... houses (وهنا قاعدة الجمع نتوالها فيا بعد)

وهنا نجدان عند الجمع نضيف (s) أو (es) لك بعض الكلمات تتغير تماماً مثل :


Singular ... Plural
man ... men
child ... children
sheep ... sheep


تأتي من الاسماء المفردة اداة تعريف واحد من ( the , a, an ) مثال :


<the>

The king الـــــملك
the boy الــــولد

< an>

an artist الـــممثل
an import الــميناء

<a>

a girl البنت
a palce القصر او المكان
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------الضمائـــــــر Pronouns --------------------------

تعتبر الضمائر من الاسماء لانها تحل محل الاسم اى ان Pronouns are a major subclass of nouns. We call them a subclass of nouns because they can sometimes replace a noun in a sentence

مثال John got a new job ... He got a new job
Children should watch less television .... They should watch less television


In these examples the pronouns have the same reference as the nouns which they replace. In each case, they refer to people, and so we call them PERSONAL PRONOUNS. However, we also include in this group the pronoun it, although this pronoun does not usually refer to a person. There are three personal pronouns, and each has a singular and a plural form


Person ... Singular ... Plural
1st ... I ... we
2nd ... you ... you
3rd ... he/she/it ... they

و كذلك:


Pronoun Type / Members of the Subclass / Example


Possessive / mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs / The white car is mine



Reflexive / myself, yourself, himself,, itself, oneself, ourselves, / He injured himself playing football


Reciprocal / each other, one another / They really hate each other



Demonstrative / this, that, these, those / This is a new car



Interrogative / who, what, why, where, when, whatever / What did he say to you?



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- الارقام Numerals -----------------------



واكيـــــــــــتتد الارقام من الاسماء ولانها لا تد على حدث أو حال أو مصف لشئ ما
Numerals include all numbers, whether as words or as digits. They may be divided into two major types. CARDINAL numerals include words like

وهنا الارقام العادية
nought, zero, one, two, 3, fifty-six, 100, a thousand



<AND> و الارقام الثانوية
ORDINAL numerals include


first, 2nd, third, fourth, 500th